STRAIGHT TALK # 22 ON HARRY POTTER
By William J. Schnoebelen
No book in recent years has attracted the success of the
celebrated "Harry Potter" series. Supposedly these children’s
novels, written by a woman in Britain named J. K. Rowling, have made
her one of the wealthiest women in the world. She has written four
books, the latest being HARRY POTTER AND THE GOBLET OF FIRE, which
weighs in heavier than some laptop computers. In total, her books
have sold more than 30 million copies.
Her appealing hero is Harry Potter, a nerdy orphan boy whose
parents were killed when he was very young by an evil wizard named
Voldemort. From this encounter, he has a lightning bolt-shared scar
on his forehead is raised by dull, cruel relatives (an aunt and
uncle) who are "Muggles," the Harry Potter term for non-wizards who
don’t like or believe in magic and who tend to persecute those who
do.
Harry’s saga starts when he is 10 old in THE SORCERER’S STONE and
he ages a bit in each book. He is 14 in the latest book. Without
going into all the plot details (which may be better known than the
Bible), Harry is rescued from his bleak, Muggle-ridden existence by
an invitation to come and attend "Hogwart’s School of Witchcraft and
Wizardry." From there, he gets into all sorts of adventures,
gradually building to a confrontation with the evil wizard who
killed his parents.
These are marketed as children’s books (the first is suggested
for ages 8-13 and the last book ages 10 to adult) although they are
well written and are being enjoyed by adults as well. The problem is
in the spiritual nature of the books. Not many books for children
come to mind where the main hero is a wizard (or wizard in
training).
To be sure, magic is a common feature in fairy tales and fantasy.
But whether you are talking about Grimm’s Fairy Tales (some of which
WERE awfully grim), the WIZARD OF OZ, or other common stories, there
is a difference. Usually the magicians and wizards were secondary
characters or even villains and the main ones (Dorothy, Snow White,
etc.) were ordinary mortals who were either being victimized or
helped by witches. But Harry is the hero, and readers are being
asked to identify with him. This is of critical importance, as we
shall see later. Magic is serious business, as anyone will tell you
who has practiced it. I was heavily involved in magic and sorcery
for at least ten years and I believe I am qualified to speak about
the subject with some authority and experience.
A rather surprising controversy has arisen within the Body of
Christ over the issue of Harry Potter books. These books ARE about
magic and sorcery. Of this there can be no doubt. The controversy in
the church revolves around whether or not such books should be in
the hands of Christian children. Chuck Colson, who is a highly
respected Evangelical author and speaker, astonished many when he
weighed in on the side of Harry. He claimed the books were not
dangerous for children because they were not about magic in the
occult sense. Rather, he said, they concern "mechanical magic" which
is a literary device. He states that the magic in the Potter books
is:
"…purely mechanical, as opposed to occultic. That is, Harry and
his friends cast spells, read crystal balls, and turn themselves
into animals–but they don’t make contact with a supernatural world….
[It’s not] the kind of real-life witchcraft the Bible condemns." [1]
While Colson does not exactly define his term, mechanical magic,
he implies it is something on the order of ray guns or time travel
in the science fiction genre — a fictitious construct designed to
entice the reader and move the plot along — part of an entirely
fictitious universe. I do not find this persuasive. (In fairness to
Mr. Colson, he later reversed his decision and now advises caution
about Harry.)
First of all, part of the problem is that witches and magicians
do exist. They DO cast spells and read crystal balls. A few even
work on the discipline of lycanthropy[2] — shape-shifting into
animals. Thus, there is nothing fictitious about any of this, except
in the minds of head-in-the-sand Christians.
Secondly, part of the problem is defining what magic is. It is a
term that has acquired all sorts of connotations in the public
mindset. A newborn baby can be "magical." Although it may be poetic
to say that your new girl friend’s smile is magic, what has happened
is that "magic" has come to mean anything that induces a sense of
awe or wonder. This is not precise.
Magic and Magick
Then there is the confusion between stage magic (illusion) such
as practiced by folks like Houdini or David Copperfield and "real"
magic. For this reason, most serious practitioners of the art of
sorcery prefer to spell it the old English way, as "magick,"
precisely to distinguish it from pulling a rabbit out of a hat.
The famed sorcerer Aleister Crowley defined magick as "the
science of causing change to occur in conformity with will." That is
very broad. Obviously, if I turn on a light switch in my home, I
have caused change to occur in conformity with my will. The way most
students of the subject exegete Crowley’s remark is to say that it
refers to causing "change" without using the usual mundane methods
of causality available to all people.
A dictionary definition is "the supposed art of influencing the
course of events by the occult control of nature or of the spirits."
[3] This definition is key to understanding the problem with Harry
Potter and with Colson’s definition. Most all definitions of magic
include the idea of occultism and/or trafficking in spirits. Most
often, the spirits are evil.
Harry is a child who is a wizard in training. What is a wizard?
Again, the dictionary tells us that a wizard is "a sorcerer, a
magician."[4] ANY of the textbooks of magick, called grimoires,[5]
make it very clear that the source of true magical power is making
pacts with and controlling spirits - evil spirits.
Another bit of confusion that must be cleared up is the
difference between magick and witchcraft. The Potter books tend to
blur them together, reflecting a common misperception. They are not
the same, as any Wiccan (white Witch) will tell you. Some witches
practice magick (we did) but some do not. Witchcraft as it is
popularly understood these days is a religion, a pagan religion
involving the worship of nature deities. Most often these are seen
as a goddess and a god. The main point of Wicca for most serious
witches is devotion to the gods or goddesses of their religion.
If witches do magick, it is usually of a simple variety, cord
spells, candle spells or healings, etc. This is often what is called
"folk magic" and is very different from ceremonial magick, the kind
usually associated with wizards and magicians. Folk magic is usually
done on a "limited budget" and is pretty simple. It often involves
things drawn from nature. Nowadays, anthropologists call it
"cultural spiritism."
Magicians, in contrast to Wiccans, often worship nothing. A
Wiccan practitioner of magick might have faith in the gods of Wicca,
but most magicians we have dealt with over the years are either
agnostic or atheistic.
Usually, when one thinks of magick or sorcery, we are talking
about "high magick" or "ceremonial magick." Ceremonial or high
magick, as the name implies, usually involves quite complex rituals
and a lot of time, study and preparation. For example, some of the
rituals we did as witches who happened to be ceremonial magicians
took more than six months to prepare.
Witches PRAY to their deities. A magician will seldom pray to
anyone. He or she will command! The magician believes in the
efficacy of her ritual work. She would not pray to get a result
anymore than I would pray before turning on the light in hope that I
would get electricity. It is not a matter of faith, it is a matter
of "scientific technology". However, the technology behind magick is
all mental, emotional and demonic in nature.
Conjuring
Colson and others make the mistake of assuming that there really
is no such thing as the kind of magic described in the Potter books.
This is not entirely true. While some of the activities in the
Potter books, (playing Quidditch [6] for example) are obviously
fantasy, many of them are not. Many Christians do not even realize
that there are people out there who are serious sorcerers. Since
they assume that all this is fictitious, what can be the harm in
reading about it?
As a former magician myself, let me explain what charming little
Harry Potter would have to do to arrive at the place he is at in
these books. Let me walk you through an actual magical rite in
brief. To achieve the power to fly, for example, the wizard might
employ any number of rituals. He would have to determine what kind
of elemental force is involved.
Flight or levitation would be of the AIR element.[7] This would
determine the kind of robes, incense, candles, evocations, talismans
or amulets and ritual tools used. Simply put, the wizard must use
all the right tools and then cast a magick circle [8] and a triangle
of manifestation. These are usually painted on the floor, or laid
down in some sort of incense, sulfur or chalk. The wizard stays in
the circle. There are certain prescribed numbers of candles or
flaming pots that might be used, depending on the magical workbook
and system used. The wizard would need to wear a certain colored
robe — usually blue or orange for air. He would be armed with a
magic wand (not a stick with a sparkly star on the end) because
wands are usually attributed to the air element. He might also have
sword, because it is often felt that to be prudent you should have a
sword when doing evocations. With the wand or the sword it is
believed that you can order spirits to obey you.
An evocation is the calling up of a demon or djinn (the Arabic
form of our word, "genie."). The term evocation is used to
distinguish it from the other common ceremonial magic practice
called invocation. In magic, invocation is calling upon a higher
being than yourself, such as an angel or god. Believe it or not,
there are magical workbooks that involve calling upon archangels and
angels and forcing them to obey you. Of course, a good angel could
not be commanded by sorcery.[9] It therefore stands to reason that
such angels would be fallen and evil. Evocation is used to call on
lower-than-human beings such as demons or elementals.[10]
The actual ceremony (aside from preparation) can take a long
time. The wizard summons the spirit into this "triangle of
manifestation." This is a triangle painted or inscribed on the floor
about a meter on each side. This is the evocation. There will be
lots of incense burnt, partially because this is believed to give
the spirit some sort of material basis with which to materialize.
The goal is to actually get the demon to appear visibly in the
triangle, but in a form that is not too disturbing to the wizard’s
sensibilities.
Bargains with the Demon?
Once the demon has manifested, the wizard will have some sort of
talisman (which could be a medallion or a piece of parchment with
writing on it) with which to bind the demon to their will. The demon
will not want to obey, so there is usually a long period of
threatening the demon, brandishing the sword at it and uttering
horrid maledictions if it will not obey. The demon will also try to
escape or trick the wizard into leaving the circle. If the wizard
should step out of the circle during this time, the demon would have
the right to crush him to a pulp and carry him off to hell (or
somewhere like the abyss [11]). Another thing that could occur is
that if the wizard accidentally does something to disturb the
integrity of the circle (scuffing off some of the chalk or sulfur,
etc.) then the demon could do whatever it wanted to him.
It may take several hours, but finally the demon will grant the
wizard’s demands.[12] This may involve simply bestowing the power of
flight on the wizard, or charging him a talisman with powers of
flight so that as long as he wears it, he can fly. Then the demon is
released to return to its place with the final adjuration that it
promises to do nothing to ever harm the wizard once he banishes the
circle. Demons are supposed to keep their word (??).
This is all based on an elaborate set of rubrics that, in my
experience, the demon or spirit frequently will just ignore and rip
the wizard to shreds. Most wizards really believe that these rules
(such as the circle) will keep the demon at bay. Sometimes the
demons will allow the wizard to luxuriate in this delusion for some
time before finally lowering the boom. This is why most REAL wizards
I have known have come upon bad ends. VERY bad ends.
Step into the Abyss
What follows is an actual account of a ceremonial magic rite that
went very wrong. The magician had set up his circle in the garage
after painting all the windows over with black paint. He done all of
the ceremonies described earlier and had called up a demon into the
triangle. The garage was filled with the smell of incense and the
howling of the demon. It was not happy at being confined to the
triangle.
After almost four hours of cursing and adjurations back and forth
between the wizard and the demon, the room had grown very dark.
There was no light left but the candles and the lurid coals of
incense. The very chalk lines on the floor marking the circle and
triangle seemed to shimmer in the gloom. The demon seemed just about
to buckle to the will of the magician. Then, all of a sudden, the
telephone rang!
Without thinking, the magician reached out of the circle to
answer it. With a horrid scream, his entire body disappeared in a
belch of flame, along with the demon. In a second, the garage was
empty of all but the faithful, terrified scribe sitting in the
corner and the smell of roasting human flesh. The magician was never
heard from again, and left behind a wife and child. The ultimate
irony of that tragedy is that there was no phone in the garage!
A Deadly Game
This illustrates how demons will NOT play by the rules, and how
deadly magic can actually be. A magician would say that this
unfortunate fellow had been sucked into the abyss forever. A more
Biblical suggestion would be that he was sent to hell for his
blasphemy. Most magicians ultimately think that they can become God.
At the very least, they believe they can acquire god-like
powers.
This horror is the "back story" behind cute little Harry. True
wizardry or sorcery would not really allow him to have much fun at
all without going through the above rituals. This is what Harry
would have to learn at his wizard’s academy, Hogwart’s. Here is
where the "mechanical magic" concept comes in. People like Mr.
Colson want to tell us that none of this applies because Harry was
BORN a wizard. His parents were magicians. Therefore, he comes by
his talents naturally. He is a natural born wizard.
There is a bit of truth in this. In real life, if Harry’s parents
were really magicians or wizards, they would be demonized to their
eyeballs. They would have more demons than a cheap hotel has
roaches. Because of Exodus 20:5-6[13], those demons would pass into
baby Harry at birth. He would indeed grow up with a (super)natural
propensity for sorcery. However, instead of having to conjure up all
these different demons with their different powers, he would have
them right within him from birth. It is "convenient," but it is not
something I would want MY child to desire.
In fact, we have ministered to several people who were born into
just such a background and who were horribly tormented by demons
simply because they didn’t particularly WANT to get involved in
sorcery and all the nasty things than can ultimately be expected in
such pursuits. Only the power of Jesus could set such people
free.
The fact of the matter is, there is no such thing as "mechanical
magic" in the sense that I believe Mr. Colson is using the term. It
cannot be just a plot device because magick, by definition involves
a spiritual component. Unlike ray guns or time machines, magick
brings with it a philosophical or even theological worldview. You
could be a Christian, a Jew or a Buddhist and fly a rocket ship. The
same could not be said of magick.
You are What You Eat!
To return to the point about the difference between magick and
witchcraft, magick is essentially agnostic. The true goal of every
wizard is to become his own god. There is no room in world-view of a
sorcerer for a sovereign God. This magic world-view[14] sees the
universe as a machine that dispenses favors to magicians in response
to their performing the right ritual.
It is opposed to the Biblical world-view in which there is an
all-powerful, sovereign God that we cannot manipulate with charms.
This God is a Person, not a machine or an impersonal force. In the
Biblical world-view, we pray to God and if He feels our request is
in His will, then he grants it.
This is a major concern of mine in seeing these kids devouring
Harry Potter books. Whether or not they grow up to be sorcerers,
they are immersing themselves in the magic world-view that does not
fit with the Bible. You cannot be your own god and also worship the
one, true God. This is why these books are more dangerous than they
appear. You are what you eat, intellectually and spiritually.
If you consume books like Harry Potter that promote a magical
view of the universe, you will come to believe in those things -
gradually. This change in beliefs will be very subtle. It will seep
into your mind like smoke and before you know it, it will become a
part of your mindset.
On top of that, many media report that children are not just
reading the Potter books, they are re-reading over and over again!
They do this because they are entertaining, but also because they
find this world of sorcerers and magic beguiling and charming (both
words rooted in magic) and because they IDENTIFY with the wizards.
This is eerily like Christians who read and re-read the Bible,
except of course they are digesting the very Words of God.
The Harry Potter books, in common with most horror and fantasy
material, present a godless universe, one in which the most powerful
wizard wins. They are books in which the hero is a wizard who shows
no evidence of belief in God and does not use the power of prayer to
combat evil. This is NOT the vision of the universe that a Christian
parent should wish to instill in their child — nor is "white" magic
an appropriate response to evil. John Andrew Murray, a Christian
headmaster of a school in Raleigh, NC, has observed in USA TODAY
that the Potter books contain no evidence of a "higher moral
authority."[15] This creates a very morally confusing universe for
young readers.
Some might object that the Hardy Boys, Superman or other juvenile
heroes of old never prayed either. But the difference is that they
did not use the devil’s tools (ceremonial magic, necromancy, etc.)
to fight evil. Most of those heroes fought evil with physical might
or intelligence (however, superhuman they might have been). Theirs
was not primarily a spiritual battle. Harry’s battles are spiritual
in nature, whether the author or the reader acknowledges it or not.
In using sorcery, he is fighting fire by pouring gasoline on it!
Crucial Differences
Some people have said, "What is the difference between these
books and the fantasy works of C.S. Lewis (the Narnia books) or
J.R.R. Tolkien?" Well, three differences really. First of all, Lewis
was a Christian, although he was not really the kind of Christian
most evangelicals or fundamentalists would approve of. Tolkien was a
devout Catholic. Whatever you might feel about Catholicism, both of
these authors come from a strong Judeo-Christian background and
there is a moral component in both their works, even though they are
fantasy.[16] Fantasy, per se, is not bad. It is only bad if it
promotes a godless or "might makes right" view of the world.
The second difference is that our culture and our world have
changed enormously since the days of Tolkien and Lewis. Currently,
our youth are awash in a culture that promotes evil, occultism, lust
and power for its own sake. The magic world-view is all around them.
It is promoted in Pokemon, in television, movies and music. More
critical, it is often promoted in classrooms. Think about it, we now
have several major TV shows where the heroes are witches. We even
have one now called "Angel" (of all things) where the (anti) hero is
a vampire!
Our young people swim in a miasma of spiritual filth that they
cannot even perceive anymore. Often, God has been driven from their
lives and been replaced with the ethos of power, violence and
self-indulgence - in short, Satanism. In the 1950’s and 1960’s such
ideas were rare enough that children could afford being exposed to
fantasy stories which promoted magic. It was an uncommon thing.
Today, they are already on toxic spiritual overload just from living
in our society. It is a miracle if any young person can keep their
faith. Those who do are to be enormously commended.
Spiritual Lust?
This is the difference. The morals presented in the Potter books
are anti-God and anti-Christian. More importantly, the lifestyle of
magick is presented as fun. Few kids would find magick so appealing
if they knew they had to grapple with a hideous demon to acquire it;
and even then have a good chance of being slaughtered before the end
of the ritual.
Not only that, the books are definitely drawing kids towards
witchcraft. "Who wouldn’t choose a wizard’s life?" asked TIME
magazine.[17] Even authentic, real Wiccans are "charmed" by the
Potter series, according to the Associated Press.[18] Anything that
witches find good and charming certainly ought to be viewed with
suspicion by serious Christians.
This brings us to the third difference. The HP books are filled
with much more explicit, appalling evil. There is a huge difference
between what went on in Lewis or Tolkien and what kids are reading
about in Harry Potter.
Just as a small sample, imagine a ten-year-old reading about:
1) The animal sacrifice of a cat[19]
2) Non-magicians like you and I (Muggles) are portrayed as dull,
boring, cruel or useless;[20]
3) Power is the ultimate moral choice, irrespective of good or
evil;[21]
4) Blood sacrifices;[22]
5) Cutting off the hand of a living person for a ritual;[23]
6) Boiling what seems to be a baby or fetus alive in a
cauldron;[24]
7) Possible demon possession;[25]
8) Werewolves [26] & vampires [27]
9) Bringing a evil wizard back from the dead through the shedding
of blood [28]
10) Astral project or travel [29]
11) Casting spells and levitation [30]
12) Being able to shape-shift into an animal [31]
13) Crystal gazing or divination [32]
14) A hero (Harry) who tells lies, [33] steals, [34] breaks the
rules,[35] and cheats by copying another student’s homework,[36]
(cheating is OK in wizard ethics[37]).
15) Approval of astrology[38]
16) Being taught that people can exist without their souls[39]
17) Communion with the dead, dead souls living within us[40]
18) Harry takes mood-altering drugs (which are REAL herbs that
are used by witches and shamans)[41]
19) Use of the "Hand of Glory,"[42] a grisly occult artifact that
is the severed hand of a hanged murderer. Its fingers are lit and
burned as candles. The hand is placed in a house to make everyone in
the house fall into a spell.
20) Use of magic charms[43]
21) Belief that death is just the "next great adventure"[44]
(which might be true if you were a Christian, but no one in these
books is a professing Christian.) For non-Christians like Harry,
death is a one-way ticket to hell!
These are dangerous, false ideas, especially for a younger
person. Little attempt is being made to keep these books from the
hands of children even younger than ten!
Additionally, there is a strong anti-family strain in the Potter
books. As was mentioned earlier, Harry’s biological parents were
murdered. Other than them, the only biological family he has are
horrible. Harry’s uncle, aunt and cousin, with whom he lives, are
mean, selfish and unloving. They are "Muggles" (non-sorcerers) who
make Harry’s life miserable for his beliefs and even make him sleep
in a closet!
Harry’s witchy friends are made to appear very appealing next to
these loutish family members, who could be seen as caricatures of
"fundamentalist" Christians. The ordinary human adults of his family
are seen as stupid and powerless, while the witches and warlocks are
wise and powerful. What sort of message does this send to children
about their relatives who might not live lives as fascinating as
that portrayed in the books?
Some of the Christians who defend HP books claim that one could
never learn enough to truly practice magick or sorcery by reading
them. That sort of statement could only be made by someone who was
comparatively ignorant of sorcery. As a former magician myself, I
can say that an intelligent child could learn a great deal of
authentic magical material.
More important than that - these books enflame what C. S. Lewis
called a "spiritual lust" for occult knowledge and power. They
tickle the desire to become "little gods" and fill the child’s head
with violence, blood sacrifice and a world view which is decidedly
anti-Christian. Is this desirable? Especially when the books are so
well-written that the children are reading them over and over and
virtually memorizing them?
A Harry Potter movie is coming out, and will probably be
accompanied by all the usual Hollywood marketing (Harry Potter Happy
Meals, etc.). There are already calendars, action figures, etc. If
the books are any indication, this could be a cultural phenomenon
that will make STAR WARS look insignificant by comparison! Parents
need to be aware of how dangerous the materials in these books are,
and stand their ground courageously for the love of their
children!
Endnotes
1 Chuck Colson, 11/2/1999 Breakpoint radio broadcast.
2 Lycanthropy is an old and honored element within the
disciplines of magic and sorcery. The werewolf is the best known
example of lycanthopy, but there are others. Most third world
cultures which practice shamanism have practitioners who endeavor
(and sometimes succeed) in shape-shifting themselves into animals —
bear, wolves, ravens, etc.
3 OXFORD DICTIONARY AND THESAURUS, US ed., 1996, p. 900
4 ibid., p. 1767
5 Grimoires are magical workbooks, often hundreds of years old.
They range from the relatively civilized like the SACRED MAGIC OF
ABRA MELIN THE MAGE to the nasty ones like THE BLACK PULLET.
6 A fictional game resembling polo played on flying
broomsticks.
7 Most magicians in the West have four elements of Air, Fire,
Water and Earth.
8 This is NOT the same as a Wiccan circle. The point of the
Wiccan circle is to keep power IN. The point of the magick circle is
to keep things OUT.
9 Hebr. 1:14 indicates that angels can be asked to serve by those
who only those who are "heirs of salvation" — i.e. Christians.
10 Elementals are believed to be nature spirits related to the
four elements. An air elemental would be a sylph.
11 The abyss is a concept in ceremonial magick. It is a place
between two spheres on the Tree of Life over which you must cross to
become a "godlike being." If you fail, you fall into the abyss that
is described as a place of annihilation or a place of mindless
horror and darkness. In either case, the magician’s soul is believed
to be utterly destroyed forever.
12 Actually, there is a fair amount of resemblance between a
typical magical ceremony like this and the lengthy and arduous Roman
Catholic rite of exorcism.
13 This is the Biblical passage where we are told the sins of the
fathers are visited unto the children. This is especially true of
idolatry.
14 See Straight Talk on Witnessing to the Occultist, Witch and
New Ager, etc. available from our ministry.
15 "Latest ‘Harry Potter’ Book meets with Cautionary Response
from Christians" by Art Toalston, Baptist Press, 7/13/2000.
16 There are Christians who would object to the orthodoxy of
Lewis and Tolkien. Neither man was exactly a fundamentalist
Christian. Lewis was an Anglican, although much of his theological
writings indicate a strong evangelical point of view. This booklet
is not the place to enter into a debate over C.S. Lewis’ theology.
Suffice it to say that, as benign as his works were, the Harry
Potter stories are much, much worse.
17 TIME, 9/20/1999.
18 "Potter Charms Modern-Day Witches" by Deepti Hajela, AP
1/30/2000.
19 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, p. 139.
20 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, p. 33.
21 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, p. 291.
22 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, p. 656.
23 Ibid. p. 641.
24 Goblet of Fire, p.666. Careful reading of this passage does
reveal that the fetus-like creature which is thrown into the
cauldron is actually Lord Voldemort. However, many younger children
may not get this point (we didn't at first) and it is still an
extremely disturbing image.
25 Goblet of Fire, p. 653-54.
26 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, p. p.345, 381.
27 Ibid., p.147.
28 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, p. 463.
29 Ibid., pp. 667-669.
30 Ibid., pp. 344-45.
31 Ibid., p. 534.
32 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, p. 297
33 Sorcerer’s Stone, p. 292.
34 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, p. 165.
35 Prisoner of Azkaban, p.31.
36 Ibid., p. 146.
37 Goblet of Fire, p. 343.
38 Sorcerer’s Stone , p. 257.
39 Prisoner of Azkaban, p. 247.
40 Ibid., 427-428
41 Sorcerer’s Stone , p. 137, 286-87.
42 Prisoner of Azkaban, p. 52.
43 Ibid., p.118, 188.
44 Sorcerer’s Stone , p. 302. |